Nelson Mandela – ShortBiography

Nelson Mandela was born- at Qunu, near Umtata on 18 July 1918

 When his father died, Mandela and was groomed for becoming chief of his local tribe.

The majority of Black South Africans had little opportunities either Economic or Political. 

 In- 1952 Mandela and Tambo opened the first Black Law firm in South Africa.

In- 1944 Mandela helped found the ANC Youth League, whose Programme of Action was adopted by the ANC in- 1949. Mandela was instrumental in pushing the ANC into more direct action such as the- 1952 Defiance Campaign and later acts of sabotage.

By the late 50s the S.A.state had become increasingly repressive making it more difficult for the ANC to operate. Mandela had to resign from the ANC and work underground. In the late 50s (56 ‒61) there was an extremely lengthy Treason Trial in which Mandela and several others were charged with treason. Conducting their own defence they eventually proved to be victorious. Mandela noted in his autobiography the judiciary were one of the least repressive parts of the South African State and in theory sought to follow the rule of law.

 in- 1960 the Sharpeville massacre of 63 black South African’s changed the whole political climate. South Africa was increasingly isolated on the international scene and  

by- 1962 Mandela had been arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the notorious Robben Island prison. Life at the prison was tough and uncompromising. 

Although negotiations were painfully slow and difficult, they eventually led to Mandela’s release in -1990. It was an emotional moment watched by millions around the globe

The next 4 years were also difficult as South African society suffered inter cultural violence between ANC and Inkarta supporters, in addition to slow progress on a new constitution.

However on 10 May 1994 Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first democratically elected State President of South Africa on and was President until June- 1999. 

In- 1993 Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prizejointly with F.W. De Klerk

Short Bio by: Richard

George Orwell Biography Timeline

 1903  -  born in

1912-  his father stayed in india

1911-   he went to St Cyprian's School in Eastbourne

1917 he won a scholarship to

 in 1921 he joined the British police in Burma. However Orwell grew dissatisfied and he resigned in 1927.

he resigned in 1927.

In 1928 he journeyed to Paris.

n 1932-1933 Orwell worked as a teache

n 1934 Orwell got a part time job in a second hand bookshop. Meanwhile in 1933 his first book was published Down and Out in Paris and London. In 1934 his first novel Bu

Also in 1936 Orwell married Eileen. (She died in 1945).

In 1936 George Orwell was commissioned to write a book about

 (She died in 1945

n 1936 George Orwell was commissioned to write a book about poverty in northern England. The Road to Wigan Pier was published in 1937. Meanwhile Orwell, a Socialist left for Sp

1936 to fight in the Spanish Civil War.

A Homage to Catalonia, published in 1938.

The Great Writer

1938 Orwell was suffering from tuberculosis

He spent the winter of 1938-1939 in Morocco.

In 1939 another novel, Coming Up For Air was published. At the beginning of the Second World War George Orwell was rejected for

1941 to 1943 he worked for the BBC

1943 he became literary editor for the Tribune

 Then in 1945 his great satire Animal Farm was published. In 1949 his masterpiece 1984 was published. But his health was failing. In October

1949 George Orwell married his second wife Sonia. George Orwell died on 21 January 1950. He was only 46.